Broken urban planning systems make for misery even in the best of times.

If land use and housing regulations prevent metropolitan areas from growing up or out as demand for housing increases, there is only one avenue of adjustment left.

Prices increase.

Rents go up as more tenants compete for each home on offer, all else equal. Rising rents can bid up the selling price of houses and apartments. Prices can also bid up as interest rates decline, and as investors come to expect further future rent increases.

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